Heracles is a famous hero of Greek mythology, unsurpassed in strength and courage and who, after death, was received among the gods thus becoming immortal.

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Heracles – called by the Romans Hercules – was the son of Zeus and Alcmena. In order to unite with Alcmene, Zeus took on the face and appearance of her husband, Amphitryon, who went to fight the Teleboans. From the union of Alcmena with Zeus was born Heracles, and from the union of Alcmena with Amphitryon, who arrived immediately afterwards, was born Iphicles, the twin brother of Heracles.

Realizing the divine origin of Heracles, Amphitryon agreed to raise him in his home with Iphicles. However, Hera’s jealousy towards Alcmene manifested itself early on, even before the child was born. Because Zeus – in order to protect his future son – had promised the kingdom of Argos to the first descendant to be born of Perseus, Hera urged her daughter, Ilithyia, who patronized the births, to delay the birth of Heracles and hasten her in return. that of Eurystheus, son of Sthenelos. Due to this, Eurystheus is born at seven months old, returning to Argos, and Heracles is carried in the womb by Alcmene for ten months.

Herei’s anger continues to pour out after birth, but this time on the child. One night, when the two brothers are in their cradle, she sends them two snakes with the intention of killing Heracles. Without losing his temper, Heracles, though only ten months old, grabbed each one by the hand and strangled them, while Iphicles, terrified, woke up the whole house with his screams. It is an extra sign for Amphitryon about the divine origin of the child. But he grows up in his own home, like his own son. When Heracles grows up, he frightens his father, killing his teacher, Linus, and this causes Amphitryon to send Heracles to the country to guard his flocks.

The hero stays there until the age of eighteen, when he commits his first act of bravery: he kills the lion from the Cithaeron, who had attacked his father’s herds. On this occasion he joins for fifty nights in a row with the fifty daughters of King Thespius, with whom he stays in the host as long as the hunt lasts. After killing the fierce animal, Heracles returns home. On the way he meets King Erginus’ messengers, sent to raise the tribute to which the Thebans were subjected. He fights Erginus and defeats him. In gratitude for delivering the Thebans from the humiliating tribute, King Creon marries Heracles to his daughter, Megara. With Megara the hero had several children.

Following him with his divine wrath, Hera takes his mind and, in a furious delirium, causes him to kill his children. After committing this crime, the hero consulted the oracle at Delphi. For atonement, Apollo orders him to serve Eurystheus for twelve years. At his request, which puts him to work, Heracles commits the twelve great acts of bravery known as the works of Heracles.

The twelve works of Heracles

* The first job is to kill the lion from Nemea, a terrifying beast that ravaged the land. The hero strangled him, then skinned him with his awful skin. Appearing later dressed in this skin of Eurystheus, he, out of fear, does not allow him to enter the city but orders him to lay his prey before the gates. On this occasion, the hero sets up the Nemean Games.

* The second job is to kill the hydra from Lerna. Born of Typhon and Echidna, the hydra was a monstrous dragon, whose breath killed anyone who smelled it. It had countless heads, which, as they were cut, grew back. One of the heads was immortal. Heracles managed to cut off their heads and, with the help of his nephew, Iolaus, burn their flesh in the place where they had been, to prevent them from regenerating. Eventually he cuts off his immortal head and, burying it in the ground, pushes a huge rock over it. The blood of the hydra was also a cause of death. That’s why, when he left, the hero dipped his arrows in it, making them poisonous.

* The third job is to catch the wild boar on Mount Erymanthus. The terrible animal was chased by the hero through high snow, until, exhausted, he was caught.

* The fourth job is to catch a deer with golden horns, which belonged to the goddess Artemis. Famous for his quickness, the deer was chased away for a year by the hero, who eventually reached Arcadia and, slightly injuring him, managed to catch him.

* The fifth job is to clean Augias’ stables. Augias, the king of Elis, had over three thousand cattle, and the stables that housed them had not been cleaned for over thirty years. At Eurystheus’ command, Heracles undertook to cleanse them in one day, asking Augias for a reward if he succeeded. Augias agreed. Then the hero changed the course of the rivers Alpheus and Peneus and, diverting them through the stables, caused all the garbage to be carried away by the water until evening. However, when he demanded due payment, Augias refused to keep his promise, for which he would later be punished by the hero.

* The sixth job is to destroy the streptococcal birds. In the forests surrounding Lake Stymphalis in Arcadia, a herd of birds of prey lived, desolating the land. Heracles exterminated them by killing them with his poisoned arrows.

* The seventh work is to catch the bull from Crete. King Minos once wanted to sacrifice Poseidon’s bull, but, captivated by the animal’s beauty, spared it. The sea god had taken revenge, making the bull angry. Heracles managed to catch him and brought him to Eurystheus, who, however, restored his freedom.

* The eighth job is to tame Diomede’s mares. Diomedes, king of Thrace, had some wild mares which he fed on human flesh. Heracles killed Diomedes and gave his mares to eat his body. After feasting on their master’s flesh, the mares became gentle and easily caught. Heracles also brought these to Eurystheus.

* The ninth job is to acquire the girdle worn by Hippolyte, queen of the Amazons. The girdle had been given to her by Ares herself, the god of war. Heracles takes it, after fighting the Amazons, and gives it to Eurystheus’ daughter.

* The tenth work is to bring Geryon’s oxen, also at the command of Eurystheus. Geryon’s herds of oxen were on the island of Erythia, far to the west of the world. To get there, the hero crossed the Libyan desert, then the ocean, and to get his hands on Geryon’s oxen, he killed first Orthrus, the two-headed guard dog, then Eurytion, the giant who grazed them, and Finally, Geryon himself, the three-body monster they belonged to. After many adventures, Heracles arrives safely at Eurystheus again, not without having his fork on the way back with many enemies who had attacked him, wanting to steal his oxen.

* The eleventh job is picking apples from the Garden of Hesperides. These apples were of gold, and they belonged to Hera, who had received them as a gift on the occasion of her marriage to Zeus from Gaia. Hera had taken them to the Garden of the Hesperides and given them to Ladon, a giant dragon with a hundred heads. After wandering big and strong, passing through the Caucasus where he frees Prometheus, Heracles reaches the Hyperboreans, where the famous garden is located, and, with the help of Atlas, manages to steal the apples and takes them to Eurystheus.

* The twelfth work is to bring Cerberus out of the realm of the underworld shadows, the hardest trial he has ever been subjected to. In carrying out this task, he was assisted by Hermes and Athena. Arriving in Hell, Heracles met the shadow of Meleager – whom he promised to marry Deianira on this occasion – Pirithous, Theseus, and Ascalaphus, whom he escaped from the torments to which they were subjected, and in finally, with the god Hades, who agreed to give Cerberus on the condition that the hero catch him without using any weapon. Squeezing him with both hands around her neck, Heracles managed to subdue Cerberus and drag him to the ground. At his sight, Eurystheus was so frightened that he hid and refused to receive him. Having nothing to do with him, Heracles then brought him back.

Other additional deeds
Heracles and his lover Iolaus, with Eros between them
(4th century BC)

In addition to these feats, the hero performed, in various circumstances, many other acts of courage and bravery, which brought him fame and made him famous. These include:

1. The expedition against Troy. Laomedon, king of Troy, refused to give Heracles the due reward for rescuing Hesione, the king’s daughter, from the clutches of a terrible monster. Heracles attacks the city, kills the king and all his sons, and marries Hesione to Telamon, one of his comrades-in-arms.

2. The war against the giants, in which the hero fought alongside the Olympians.

3. The war against Augias, which was waged because the king of Elis had refused to pay him due to clean the stables. On the occasion of the victory, the hero set up the Olympic Games.

4. The expedition against Pylos, where King Neleus reigned, an expedition in which Heracles kills the king and all his sons, except one, Nestor. On this occasion Heracles wounded several gods, including Hera and Ares.

5. The war against Sparta, during which, although victorious, the hero is wounded in the hand and then healed by Asclepius.

6. The fight against the driopies, in which, defeated at first, Heracles finally emerges victorious, beats the driopis and puts them on the run. The reason for the outbreak of the conflict was that once, as he was passing through their land, traveling with Deianira and his son Hyllus, the Driopians refused to feed the hungry child. From Driope he receives a disciple, Hylas, whom he falls in love with, and whom he loses in Mysia, where the boy will be kidnapped by a nymph.

7. Fight the centaurs, aroused by the smell of wine the hero drank in Pholus’s cave. On this occasion he was killed by Heracles and the good centaur Chiron.

8. The return of Alcesta from the underworld.

9. Fight with Antaeus.

10. The battle with Cycnus, whom he killed on the way to the Garden of the Hesperides.

11. The release of Prometheus. Crossing the Caucasus, on the way to the same Garden of the Hesperides, the hero killed the eagle that devoured the liver of the titan Prometheus chained by a rock.

12. The battle against Lycaon, son of Ares and the Pyrenees, who, opposing the passage of Heracles to the Garden of the Hesperides, was also defeated by the hero.

13. He fights the giant Alcyoneus, whom he killed with his club, helped by the goddess Athena.

14. Catching the bushes.

Nessus’s shirt

Finally, the hero’s life, rich in adventures, includes other episodes meant to illustrate his strength and bravery. For example, the episode of the battle between Heracles and the water god Achelous is known to get the hand of Deianira, Meleager’s sister, whom, in Hell, the hero had promised to marry. After the marriage, he accidentally killed a relative of his wife, Heracles is forced into exile with his wife, Deianira, and their son, Hyllus. On the way, Deianira is attacked by the centaur Nessus, who wants to rape her. Heracles mortally wounds him with one of his poisoned arrows. Before she dies, the centaur gives Deianira a miraculous filter, a filter that, according to him, would bring Heracles back when it seems to her that the hero no longer loves her. Nessus’s cunning and Deianira’s jealousy would cause,

Following the unjust murder of Iphitus, the son of King Eurytus, Heracles is struck with madness. In order to be “purified”, he goes to Delphi, but there, insulting the oracle, he draws his anger on Apollo. After the murder and the sacrilege, he can only be purified if he is sold as a slave for three years to serve a master. Thus Heracles arrives in the service of Omphale, queen of Lydia. This is the time when the hero, enslaved and loved by the queen, participates in the wild boar hunt in Calydon. After serving his captivity, Heracles makes war on King Eurytus. Eurytus had once refused the hand of his daughter, Iole. The hero fights Eurytus, kills him, and as his love for his daughter remains unchanged, he takes Iole (Iolau) with him.

Upon finding out, Deianira sends Heracles a shirt soaked in the filter of Nessus, which Heracles had once killed. Far from bringing her husband back, the filter – the centaur’s treacherous revenge – causes the once-dressed garment to cling to the hero’s body and catch fire. In vain did Heracles fight desperately to get rid of the deadly shirt, and with it he snatched strips of flesh from his body, the flames reaching to his bones. Then, feeling his end near – while Deianira, terrified by her deed, commits suicide – the hero raises a fire himself and prepares for death. He entrusts Iole to his son Hyllus and orders with the tongue of death that the two later marry. He then gives his bow and arrows to Philoctetes and climbs on the pre-prepared fire.

As the flames of the fire rise, a cloud descends from the heavens and lightning strikes. When the fog clears, the hero’s body no longer exists. He was taken to Olympus, where he will exist after death among the immortals. Hera’s old hatred is erased. She now receives Heracles in the house of the gods, marrying him to her daughter, Hebe, the goddess of eternal youth. The hero becomes immortal, as a reward for the bravery, courage and injustice endured on earth.

Bibliography

* Victor Kernbach, Dictionary of General Mythology, Bucharest, Scientific and Encyclopedic Publishing House, 1989
* Anca Balaci, Small Dictionary of Greek and Romanian Mythology, Bucharest, Mondero Publishing House, 1992, ISBN 973-9004-09-2
* George Lazarescu, Dictionary of Mythology, Bucharest, Odeon Publishing House, 1992, ISBN 973-9008-28-3
* NAKun, Legends and Myths of Ancient Greece, Bucharest, Lider Publishing House, 2003, ISBN 973-629-035-2
* JCBelfiore, Dictionary of Mythology Greek and Roman, Paris, Larousse, 2003

Date;6/8/2022